A comprehensive understanding of the basic information and guidelines for multi-axis CNC machining

With the continuous advancement of industrialization, the market demand for high-precision equipment is increasing, and precision multi-axis CNC machining will have even greater development potential in the future. It can construct customized parts with complex shapes and precision features , and meet the requirements of high-precision product and equipment manufacturing.

This article will delve into all aspects of multi-axis CNC machining, covering everything from basic to advanced levels. The content includes the definition, working principle, types, components, selection methods, limitations, and application scenarios of multi-axis machining.

What is multi-axis CNC machining?

Multi-axis machining, also known as multi-axis linkage machining, is a machining method that adds a rotary axis to the original three-axis machining. Specifically, in addition to three-axis machining (usually three linear coordinate axes X, Y, and Z), adding one axis makes it four-axis, adding two axes makes it five-axis, and there are even machining methods with up to twelve axes, such as mill-turn machining.

This specialized machining process is most commonly used in fields requiring complex part designs . Multi-axis machining makes it easier and more precise to customize and manufacture precision parts . Furthermore, multi-axis machining improves production efficiency and reduces machining errors. In addition to improving workpiece accuracy and delivery time, the application of multi-axis machining also drives the adoption of high-performance materials. For viable manufacturing industries, the evolution towards various lightweight yet strong materials is always inevitable.

Working principle of multi-axis CNC machining

Multi-axis CNC machining involves the application of Computer Numerical Control (CNC) programming. Its goal is to manufacture parts of moderate complexity. In this operating mode, CNC machine tools generate complex shapes through the configuration of multiple axes programmed by CNC code. These vertical machine tools can cut, break, or mill material in complex discrete structures. Adjusting these machines according to workpiece orientation, rather than utilizing individual processes, allows for the efficient simultaneous use of multiple designs.

The core of this type of CNC machine tool is multi-axis linkage control, which refers to the coordinated movement of multiple axes on the CNC machine tool. This allows for the high-precision machining of complex shapes and geometries. For example, in a five-axis CNC machine tool, the tool can move on three linear axes (X, Y, and Z) and two rotary axes (A and B or C). Regardless of the number of axes in a CNC device, its linkage control system needs to ensure that these axes move synchronously to achieve the desired machining results.

One of the main advantages of linkage control is its ability to machine parts with complex contours and undercuts. Without linkage control, achieving such geometry would be extremely difficult or even impossible. Furthermore, linkage control can improve machining efficiency by reducing the number of setups and tool changes required.

Workflow of precision multi-axis machining

Multi-axis milling consists of several closely linked steps to ensure the successful machining of high-precision, complex parts. The following are the key steps:

Parts design	First, you need to design the components. This includes specifying details such as dimensions, shape, or material, as well as any other tolerances required to complete the project. Thorough and objective project planning can reduce errors and optimize expected results.
Creating CAD Models and Files	Subsequently, based on the part design, a suitable CAD model is developed and documentation is produced . This computer-aided design drawing can serve as a template for machining operations, visualizing the appearance of the manufactured part.
Convert CAD to CAM	of the part is drawn , all illustrations should be included in a specific CAM session created in a certain way. The process of creating instructions for the CNC machine tool is called CAM, which involves generating images and guiding the CNC machining system to optimize for the actual machine tool. Understanding how to perform the conversion is crucial for achieving the look and style of the design.
Programming and Machine Setup	Programming the CAD file, setting up the machine , and ensuring the workpiece is securely fixed, are all crucial steps. Once the machine is set up and centered, it is essential to ensure precision and accuracy.
Execute the machine’s processing program	Once the setup is complete, execute the configured program. During this stage, regular testing should be performed to prevent any issues from arising.
Final inspection parts	Once the part is machined, all its physical details, such as shape, surface finish, and dimensions, are verified to ensure that the finished part meets quality standards and specifications. This step also ensures that the machining operation was completed correctly and the part is ready for use.

Types of multi-axis CNC machining services

Currently, various types of CNC machine tools exist on the market, mainly distinguished by the number of axes, ranging from 3 to 12 axes. The following are the mainstream multi-axis CNC machining service types.

Three-axis CNC machining	The simplest three-axis CNC machining technology is one that restricts motion to the X, Y, and Y coordinates. It is suitable for machining basic parts and standard shapes.
4-axis CNC machining	4-axis CNC machining offers additional motion, typically rotational motion along the X-axis, enabling more sophisticated part designs. This is particularly useful for systems that can easily perform multi-faceted machining without the need for reorientation.
5-axis CNC machining	Five-axis machining centers are best suited for handling complex parts. These machines can machine a variety of complex geometric surfaces, making them ideal for aerospace and medical equipment.
3+2 axis CNC machining	A 3+2 axis machine tool is almost equivalent to a 5-axis machine tool, but the difference lies in the number of lines the machine tool operates on. This is highly advantageous for machining features that require appropriate angles.
6-axis CNC machining	Six-axis machines include the addition of rotary axes, designed to enhance parts manufacturing capabilities, improve efficiency, and minimize delivery times by minimizing adjustment requirements.
7-axis CNC machining	A seven-axis machine tool contains more motion mechanisms and robotic arms designed for extraordinary work actions. Furthermore, it can perform extremely delicate tasks with high precision.
9-axis CNC machining	9-axis CNC machining includes turning and milling operations. It allows for the machining of complex parts with different structural shapes in a single setup, thereby improving production efficiency. It is particularly suitable for the manufacture of precision engineering components.
12-axis machining	12-axis machining requires specialized rotary motions along the length and width directions, as well as moving axes that travel along the length and width directions. Therefore, it can be used for state-of-the-art composite materials and specialized applications requiring high precision.

CNC Machining Services for Your Project

Looking for multi- axis machining services to meet the needs of your parts procurement projects ? Just consider the following points.

Understand your project needs	The first thing you need to do is analyze your investment in the project. Assess the complexity of the parts you want to manufacture. Also consider the materials and the precision requirements of the final workpiece. These factors will help you determine the best response type for your machine.
Considering output	Production volume plays a crucial role in selecting the appropriate service; 4-axis or 5-axis machines can meet the needs of small batches or prototypes. For large-scale production, machines with higher levels of automation (such as 9-axis or 12-axis models) can handle complex parts with fewer steps, thereby reducing overall production time.
Evaluate part dimensions and geometry	The size and geometry of a part will influence the type of machine and service you require. Larger parts or parts requiring multi-faceted machining may need machines with more axes and a larger working range. For example, manufacturing molds with inclined surfaces may require a 3+2 axis machine, while small, complex medical devices may require a 6-axis machine.
Assess material compatibility	Different materials have different processing requirements. Generally speaking, harder materials such as titanium or stainless steel may require machines with robust spindles and cutting tools. Softer materials such as aluminum or plastics may be easier to process and require less power. Choosing a machine capable of handling the specific properties of a material is crucial to avoid wear and ensure efficiency.
Select the multi-axis CNC machining service you need	Determining the appropriate number of axes for machining services is crucial. The number of axes determines the machine tool’s ability to process complex parts. If the part is relatively simple, a 3- or 4-axis machine tool is sufficient. However, if the part is more complex, a 5- or even 6-axis machine tool may be needed to meet the machining requirements.

Advantages of multi-axis machining

with traditional machining methods, multi-axis CNC machining has significant advantages in manufacturing complex and high-precision parts, mainly in the following aspects:

Single setup efficiency	Multi-axis machine tools require multiple operations to be completed in a single machine setup, which is not only cost-effective but also saves time on repositioning. This is a good thing because it reduces errors, saves time, and maintains consistent accuracy throughout the process.
Precision and accuracy	Multi-axis cutting offers better tolerances and cutting control than single-axis cutting. This is especially true in industries with stringent tolerance requirements, particularly aerospace and medical device manufacturers.
Complex geometry processing capability	Multi-axis machine tools can process structures and shapes that traditional machine tools cannot. Because of this capability, they are suitable for machining parts with complex structures.
Improve the surface finish of parts	These machine tools add manufacturing steps that demand higher precision, requiring sharper taper cuts and transitions. This results in a better surface finish. This reduces the number of finishing steps required, speeds up contract completion time, and lowers costs.
Reduce fixture requirements	In multi-axis machining, only a few positioning fixtures are needed to support the workpiece. Because the workpiece is fixed in place, the possibility of displacement is reduced, thereby improving machining accuracy. This also reduces the overall project cost.
Mass production capacity	Multi-axis machine tools can produce high-precision replicas of precision-assembled and machined parts. They are most effective in ensuring consistency in the quality of production output.

Disadvantages of multi-axis machining

The advantages of multi-axis machining capabilities are obvious. Although the technology itself is natural, its application still has some drawbacks that limit its scope of application in the industrial field.

High processing costs	These costs include the initial purchase cost of the multi-axis machine and operating costs (including the maintenance, tooling, and energy costs of these machines).
Complex setup and programming	Setup and programming typically take a long time and are quite complex. Most complex situations involve strategic repositioning of operators, which can increase the cumulative workload required.
Increased risk of errors	The increased number of shafts, code processing, and motion increases the risk of programming errors because dust can accumulate on the clutch during stirring, covering some blades. These errors are operator mistakes. These delays affect operation and are costly to resolve.

Industries and applications of multi-axis machining

This advanced multi-axis equipment is also used in many industries because it can manufacture complex and precise parts.

Aerospace	The aerospace industry has extremely high requirements for precision and reliability. Multi-axis milling is used to manufacture critical components such as turbine blades, engine mounts, and landing gear parts. These complex geometries can often only be achieved with the help of multi-axis capabilities, while meeting stringent safety and performance standards.
car	In the automotive industry, multi-axis milling is crucial for high-performance engine parts, transmission housings, and suspension systems. These components need to operate reliably under harsh conditions; the flexibility of multi-axis milling also makes custom modifications and prototype manufacturing more efficient.
Medical	The medical field benefits from advanced multi-axis capabilities used in the manufacture of complex surgical instruments and implants (such as joint replacements and orthopedic screws). The ability to process biocompatible materials and achieve high-quality surfaces is crucial, directly impacting patient outcomes.
electronic	Multi-axis milling is used in the electronics industry to manufacture housings, heat sinks, and other critical components that typically require extremely high precision in structure and surface quality to ensure product functionality and lifespan.
Mold manufacturing	Multi-axis machining can produce complex cavities and surfaces with rich details and excellent surface quality, which are widely used in mold scenarios such as injection molding, die casting and glass forming, and have a direct impact on the quality of the final product.
Tooling and molds	Multi-axis milling is also crucial for the manufacture of various tooling, fixtures, gauges and dies, which often have complex shapes and must strictly adhere to dimensional specifications.
High-tech product and new material research and development	In R&D scenarios, multi-axis technology enables the trial production of new structures and materials, facilitating rapid prototyping and verification, and accelerating the implementation of innovations.

Xtproto provides precision multi-axis machining services to various industries worldwide.

If your machining projects require outsourcing, Xtproto is your reliable machining center for multi-axis machining services. We have multiple advanced multi-axis machine tools to meet your project needs. More importantly, we have a team of experienced professionals ready to provide CNC machining support throughout the entire process.

Once you choose Xtproto Precision Multi-Axis Machining Services, you’ll understand how to manage the entire process and how to follow up on each stage, such as design preparation and final component inspection. Our expertise further enhances the smooth operation of most stages (ensuring high-quality output in the shortest possible time). Contact us today and let’s get started on your project.

in conclusion

Multi-axis CNC machining has revolutionized modern manufacturing, offering unparalleled precision, flexibility, and efficiency. While it comes with higher upfront costs and a steeper learning curve, the benefits far outweigh these challenges for projects demanding high precision and complex geometries. Understanding project requirements, material considerations, and production targets is crucial when selecting a multi-axis machine. Xtproto, with its precision machining services, can handle a wide range of complex and multifaceted part designs. It organizes production stages sequentially, ensuring the highest production quality within a reasonable timeframe.